Bram Stokers Dracula is Anti-Christian :: Bram Stoker Dracula Essays

Bram Stokers genus Dracula is Anti-ChristianThere are many ways that Bram Stokers Dracula can be considered Anti-Christian by showing of Anti-Christian values and perversions of the Christianreligion. In chapter one as Jonathan Harker is traveling to Castle Dracula heis met by several spate. When he meets these people and tells them where he isgoing they cross themselves along with doing several other superstisciousactions. One of the women he meets gives him a crucifix to protect him on hisjourney. This crucifix protects him when Jonathan cuts himself shaving andDracula lunges for his throat he stops when he sees the crucifix around Jonsneck. Later in the book it discusses how you can defend yourself from Draculaand other vampires by the self-discipline of a crucifix or practically anyconsecrated item from the Christian religion can be used to save you from theattack or presence of a vampire. For example, in the latter of the book VanHelsing uses a Host to prevent Dracula to enter his coffin. Another clipping,during the night Van Helsing and Lucy stick about out near the courtyard of CastleDracula, Van Helsing makes a (Holy circle) with the Host to keep vampires outand to keep Mina safe in the (Holy circle). Another time when the Host is usedas a deterrence of vampires is at the time Van Helsing and the other men aregoing to leave Mina entirely in the house. Van Helsing touches a Host to Minasforehead and it burns into her head since she, herself, was unclean. Anotherabstruction of the Christian religion would be the fact that Dracula sleeps ina coffin and especially because the dirt in his coffin is consecrated andDracula, being evil, uses this ground to rest in. Dracula has several of thepowers that Christians believe no one simply immortal could control. For instance,Dracula can control the weather, wild or unclean animals and, he can changeform and disappear into the air. Christians believe that consuming Gods clayand business will give them everl asting life with God in heaven. Dracula gettinglife after death or living an afterlife on earth by consuming the blood of theliving to survive, build his strength, and create more followers of him in hisevil ways. By this, Dracula is relying on humans to renew his life after deathand thus not concentrating on God as the source of life. As Dracula feeds onthe blood of the living he creates followers as Jesus had disciples. Draculahas evil ways and spreads his evil not by sexual reproduction as God meant it

Carl Jung and The Great Gatsby Essay -- Great Gatsby Essays

Carl Jung and The smashing Gatsby The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgeralds classic story about the sh allow nobleness of the 1920s American society, is the topic of much interpretation. This paper presents the proposition that the hell dust Twenties were years dominated by an SP (part of Carl Jungs archetypal psychology that will later be explained in more depth) society and the characters in The Great Gatsby contrive and were deeply affected by this fact. Daisy will be analyzed herein, as well as the effect that an SP society had on her actions and development. The human psyche has been the fanny of study for millennia. Dating back to Hippocrates around 370 BC, the earliest belief was that large number are basically predisposed at birth, that their psyches are programmed. The idea continued to straightforward in mainstream sciences up until about the 19th century AD. There arose, in the early twentieth century, the notion that people are born without predisposition, and are forge by their environment from the time of infancy. John Watson, and early American behaviorist, proposed that he could shape a child into any form he wanted, provided that he had check off of the child from infancy. Similarly to the notion of psychological malleability was the belief that people are compulsive by a single basic motive. Sigmund Freud claimed that we are all driven from within by instinctual lust. There were also the existentialist psychologists, such as Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, who had people seeking self-actualization. Finally, in 1920, Swiss physician Carl Jung disagreed. In mental Types he wrote that people have a multitude of instincts, what he called archetypes, that drive them from within, and that one instinct is no mo... ... II Temperament, Character, Intelligence. 2. Keirsey, David. Please Understand Me II Temperament, Character, Intelligence. 3. < http//www.paulsann.com/thelawlessdecade/20_s.html> 4. < http//www.paulsann.com/thelawlessd ecade/20_s.html> 5. < http//www.homework-online.com/tgg/quotes.asp> 6. < http//www.homework-online.com/tgg/quotes.asp> 7. < http//www.homework-online.com/tgg/quotes.asp> workings Cited Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York Charles Scribners Sons, 1925. Keirsey, David. Please Understand Me II Temperament, Character, Intelligence. Moniaci, Jonathon. The Great Gatsby < http//www.homework-online.com/tgg/index.asp> Sann, Paul. The Lawless Decade < http//www.paulsann.com/thelawlessdecade/20_s.html> Carl Jung and The Great Gatsby Essay -- Great Gatsby EssaysCarl Jung and The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgeralds classic story about the shallow aristocracy of the 1920s American society, is the topic of much interpretation. This paper presents the proposition that the Roaring Twenties were years dominated by an SP (part of Carl Jungs archetypal psychology that will later be explained in more depth) society and the characte rs in The Great Gatsby reflect and were deeply affected by this fact. Daisy will be analyzed herein, as well as the effect that an SP society had on her actions and development. The human psyche has been the basis of study for millennia. Dating back to Hippocrates around 370 BC, the earliest belief was that people are fundamentally predisposed at birth, that their psyches are programmed. The idea continued to manifest in mainstream sciences up until about the 19th century AD. There arose, in the early 20th century, the notion that people are born without predisposition, and are molded by their environment from the time of infancy. John Watson, and early American behaviorist, proposed that he could shape a child into any form he wanted, provided that he had control of the child from infancy. Similarly to the notion of psychological malleability was the belief that people are driven by a single basic motive. Sigmund Freud claimed that we are all driven from within by instinctual lus t. There were also the existentialist psychologists, such as Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, who had people seeking self-actualization. Finally, in 1920, Swiss physician Carl Jung disagreed. In Psychological Types he wrote that people have a multitude of instincts, what he called archetypes, that drive them from within, and that one instinct is no mo... ... II Temperament, Character, Intelligence. 2. Keirsey, David. Please Understand Me II Temperament, Character, Intelligence. 3. < http//www.paulsann.com/thelawlessdecade/20_s.html> 4. < http//www.paulsann.com/thelawlessdecade/20_s.html> 5. < http//www.homework-online.com/tgg/quotes.asp> 6. < http//www.homework-online.com/tgg/quotes.asp> 7. < http//www.homework-online.com/tgg/quotes.asp> Works Cited Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York Charles Scribners Sons, 1925. Keirsey, David. Please Understand Me II Temperament, Character, Intelligence. Moniaci, Jonathon. The Great Gatsby < http//www.homewo rk-online.com/tgg/index.asp> Sann, Paul. The Lawless Decade < http//www.paulsann.com/thelawlessdecade/20_s.html>

Cults :: essays research papers

CultsTypes of cultsTwo main kinds of cults exist todayMessianic CultsThis is a cult that has a leader. some(prenominal) the leader orders hismembers to do must be done, whether it would be sacrifice or murder, it must bedone. In return the leader of the cult would "save" his pursual.Mellenarian Cults     This is a type of cult that refers to the 1,000 year reign of Christ.These groups believe      that dramatic events, such as the end of the world orjudgment day, will occur at the      turn of the century.Traits of cultsA feeling and a certainty of belief.A single strong and powerful leader.A tendency to control communication.A totalistic mind-set a view that spiritual life in the group must bepresent 24 hours a day, seven days a week. This would notallow a member to do any hobbies, work or interests bug outsideof the cult.People who join cultsThere are four different types of community who participate in cults . Thefirst type of people are normal people who come from intact families and turn tocults at a moment of encumbrance in there life. These people havent had anyother problems previously. The second group of people are people who hadproblems in there past in suppuration and emotion. The third and smallest groupof cult members are psychotic individuals. The fourth group of people feel asif they dont fit into society.Different cultsCharles Manson was never close to his parents, for he never met hisfather and his mother was an alcoholic. This lead Manson through a confusingage. He was always getting in trouble with the law. After he got out of prisonhe began to experiment with the psychedelic drug LSD. In San Francisco helearned how to talk like a hippie and sounded very wise, to lost and disorientedyoung men and woman. He always looked for sad or disordered young women. As hefound them he talked to them, and they quickly trusted him deeply. In a shorttime he had gathered up enough y oung women to be his slaves and do whatever heasked. This is were Charles Manson began his cult leadership. Manson told fourof his followers to break into a wealthy home in Los Angeles and kill everyone

faith :: essays research papers

My faith is very obscure because I come from a Buddhistic background and Learned Buddhism and been a very good follower of it. I was born in Sri Lanka. Growing up in a Buddhist family in Sri Lanka, my faith was initially introduced to me by my parents. My parents claimed to be strong Buddhists and they practiced their faith very often. Because of them I was very problematical in practicing and learning more to the highest degree Buddhism. To me Buddhism is a way of life. Buddhists believe that life is pain and suffering and that the way to end the pain of this life if through and through Nirvana too known as Enlightenment, a state of mind that is completely and permanently free of suffering. Enlightenment is happen upond through the cleansing of sin and desires from adepts mind. Buddhists also believe in afterlife and that one is born over and over again until they have achieved the stage of enlightenment. They believe that the after life is affected by the way you life this like and what always good or bad deeds you do entrust come back to you accordingly, for am example if you do help some one, something good to you will happen later, but if you commit a sin, then you will be punished later in the selfsame(prenominal) lifetime or in another. Buddhism was founded by a prince named Gouthama Siddhartha who later became Buddha over 2500 years ago in India. Even though he has all the wealthiness in the world he byword that there was pain and suffering in life no matter what, and one day he leftover his castle to go to look for an declaration to be rid of the pain and the suffering in the world. He went to several different philosophers but he recognise what all of them believed in was wrong and something that he cannot agree on. So he moved on and decided to go to the jungle and meditate to find an answer. after all his thinking and meditation he came to relies that the answer to sad ness is giving up desires because it was the root of sadness and t o live life as saucer-eyed as possible. In order to achieve this stage of enlightenment, one needs to calm their mind through meditation and get rid of sinful thoughts and the desires. aft(prenominal) achieving Nirvana he introduced his teachings to people that was kindle in it and then he recruited some people as monks to help teach others about his teachings.faith essays research papers My faith is very complicated because I come from a Buddhist background and Learned Buddhism and been a very good follower of it. I was born in Sri Lanka. Growing up in a Buddhist family in Sri Lanka, my faith was initially introduced to me by my parents. My parents claimed to be strong Buddhists and they practiced their faith very often. Because of them I was very involved in practicing and learning more about Buddhism. To me Buddhism is a way of life. Buddhists believe that life is pain and suffering and that the way to end the pain of this life if through Nirvana also known as Enlightenment , a state of mind that is completely and permanently free of suffering. Enlightenment is achieved through the cleansing of sin and desires from ones mind. Buddhists also believe in afterlife and that one is born over and over again until they have achieved the stage of enlightenment. They believe that the after life is affected by the way you life this like and what ever good or bad deeds you do will come back to you accordingly, for am example if you do help some one, something good to you will happen later, but if you commit a sin, then you will be punished later in the same lifetime or in another. Buddhism was founded by a prince named Gouthama Siddhartha who later became Buddha over 2500 years ago in India. Even though he has all the riches in the world he saw that there was pain and suffering in life no matter what, and one day he left his castle to go to look for an answer to be rid of the pain and the suffering in the world. He went to several different philosophers but he re alized what all of them believed in was wrong and something that he cannot agree on. So he moved on and decided to go to the jungle and meditate to find an answer. After all his thinking and meditation he came to relies that the answer to sad ness is giving up desires because it was the root of sadness and to live life as simple as possible. In order to achieve this stage of enlightenment, one needs to calm their mind through meditation and get rid of sinful thoughts and the desires. After achieving Nirvana he introduced his teachings to people that was interested in it and then he recruited some people as monks to help teach others about his teachings.

The Shadow on the Stone by Hardy Essay -- Shadow Stone Hardy Essays

The Shadow on the Stone by brazenA man stands in bearing of a druid stone just as a ratifier stares at a brooding poem of love lost and fonder days remembered. The Shadow on the Stone gives insight into the psyche of Hardy after his first wifes death, yet how does someone come to such(prenominal) a conclusion? with the understanding of the strategic usage of several literary and poetic devices his earreach is able to discern their pertinence to the comprehension of Hardys message. This poem is not necessarily difficult for the average reader to grasp, its value as a work of poetic prowess is found in the power of impression. The Shadow on the Stone forms a relationship with the reader, despite wielding fairly simple poetic social system, by stimulating several unifying characteristics which thread many readers together such as hardship, regret, and loss. Hardy appears deliberate in constructing this poem in a consistent path. The lines are all placed in the same stagger ed fashion in all three stanzas. This method is compelling due to the fact that he may be attempting to stress the constant variation of life through the structure of the poem. The persona of the poem certainly tastes a wide variety of emotions, yet these emotions that are inevitably going to reoccur in the natural course of lifetime. This is reiterated through the evidence readers have that the individual stanzas are diverse, and will occur in the following stanzas as if to illustrate the prevalence of lifes tribulations no matter how haphazard they may feel. This allows the reader to relate to the vulnerable human quality of the poem, no doubt creating a more attentive reader. It is no secret that people get to some amount of pleasure or interest in someone e... ...d should that not be enough Hardy arranged the poem a relatively small package as to not scare a depressed reader. This poem manages to reach out on a personal level eventide though the method is transparen t which validates the authenticity of Hardys poetic skill. He builds an image through the use of simple poetic devices to lull the reader into an easy read and proceeds to squeeze the readers sore spots to capture their attention. Hardys poem reads in the same manner it must have been written, in self loathing. Hardy was a tragic figure living within a tragic poem, this work accurately portrays Hardy in his futile attempt to understand and deal with the unavoidable trials of his life. He uses this struggle as a common thread to effectively tie his audience together, capturing the readers as they marinade in one of the defining qualities of life regret.

The Shadow on the Stone by Hardy Essay -- Shadow Stone Hardy Essays

The Shadow on the Stone by brazen-facedA man stands in front of a druid stone just as a reader stares at a brooding meter of love alienated and fonder days remembered. The Shadow on the Stone gives insight into the psyche of Hardy after his first wifes death, yet how does someone come to such a conclusion? Through the understanding of the strategic usage of several literary and poetic devices his audience is able to discern their pertinence to the comprehension of Hardys message. This poem is not necessarily difficult for the average reader to grasp, its value as a work of poetic prowess is found in the power of impression. The Shadow on the Stone forms a relationship with the reader, despite wielding fairly uncomplicated poetic structure, by stimulating several unifying characteristics which delineate many readers together such as hardship, regret, and loss. Hardy appears deliberate in constructing this poem in a consistent manner. The lines are all placed in the same s taggered fashion in all three stanzas. This method is compelling due to the fact that he may be attempting to stress the constant chromosomal mutation of life through the structure of the poem. The persona of the poem certainly tastes a wide variety of emotions, yet these emotions that are inevitably going to reoccur in the native course of lifetime. This is reiterated through the certainty readers have that the individual stanzas are diverse, and will occur in the following stanzas as if to illustrate the prevalence of lifes tribulations no matter how random they may feel. This allows the reader to relate to the vulnerable human quality of the poem, no doubt creating a more attentive reader. It is no secret that people take some amount of pleasure or interest in someone e... ...d should that not be enough Hardy ordered the poem a relatively small package as to not scare a depressed reader. This poem manages to reach out on a personal level even though the method is transp arent which validates the authenticity of Hardys poetic skill. He builds an image through the use of simple poetic devices to lull the reader into an easy read and proceeds to squeeze the readers sore spots to capture their attention. Hardys poem reads in the same manner it must have been written, in self loathing. Hardy was a tragical figure living within a tragic poem, this work accurately portrays Hardy in his futile attempt to understand and deal with the unavoidable trials of his life. He uses this struggle as a common wander to effectively tie his audience together, capturing the readers as they marinade in one of the defining qualities of life regret.

“Birthday Party” by Katherine Brush Essay

In the Birthday Party, Katherine Brush portrays what at first glance seems to be an innocent dinner amid a happily married couple however, when viewed closer is obviously a dinner gone wrong. Her use of metaphor, along with other literary devices, help press out how things arent always as they seem. The story starts off in a happy, light-hearted manner, describing a charming married couple. The detail of the round, self-satisfied face of the man and the fadingly charming woman help describe their attitudes and mannerisms. The self-satisfied face of the man gives off an impression of arrogance, which makes the reader dislike him. The woman on the other hand, pulls the reader in. Her sizable hat a metaphor for her big heart. The first paragraph is also where Brush introduces the growing contrast between big and wee, which is carried on throughout the story. The secondary narrow restaurant in which the unmistakably married couple dined at conveys just how simple the date was suppo se to be by emphasizing how little it was.Brush refers to the intimate atmosphere when she describes that the couple sat opposite of us, which makes the reader notice as if he/she were also in the narrow restaurant round to watch the scene unfold. The word little is repeated again when Brush depicts the little surprise the wife had set up for her husband to again satisfy upon how small the gesture was. The cake is portrayed to be small but glossy, which adds to the littleness of the surprise and how low key is was meant to be. Just a little monitor of her feelings towards her husband. When the orchestra played happy birthday to you, the wife beamed with shy pride over her little surprise. The wife beaming over her little surprise is paralleled with the one knock candle burning on the cake, representing the wifes loneliness even though she is in a relationship.It is obvious that the wifes little surprise was taken out of hand when the author explains that help was needed in or der to calm the husband down. This conveys how mad he was, and how he didnt care for his wifes kind, little gesture for him. The author brings the intimate elements back around when she adds that you looked at him, and you saw this and you thought. The repetition of you emphasizes the intimate atmosphere, making the reader feel as if she/he were experiencing this with the onlooker. Everyone around them sensed the tension and the anger felt by the husband towards his wife. Brush uses cacophony when describing thequick and kurt and unkind comment the husband make to his wife in order to show how bitter and angry the husband was.We see just how upset the wife is because, even after the bystander waited for instead a long time before looking, she was still crying. She cries all to herself, showing the loneliness under the gay big brim of her best hat, which is happily privacy her from the terrible remarks of her selfish, rude husband. The intimate mood of the restaurant is cut throug h with the harsh diction of Brushs word choice and the nasty remarks made by the husband. The couple that seemed so perfect in the beginning is now torn apart and weeping. The simple surprise that the wife made is ruined go away her feel lonely even though she is in a relationship.

Executive Branch Essay

The executive branch is the most partful branch of government. The executive branch makes the president commander in chief. It also gives the president the role of frugal leader. And he/she can also make executive orders that have the force of law. These are just about of the many roles that make the executive branch the most powerful branch of government.When the president has the role of commander in chief he/she is given the power to use force to back up our foreign policy. They are in charge of the army, navy, air force, marines, and the coast guard. The top commanders of all of these branches of service are conquer to the president.The president is also our economic leader. He/She deals with unemployment, rising prices, high taxes and more. When voted into office the president is expected to care of these issues. One key task the president must(prenominal) accomplish each year is to plan the federal governments budget too.Last but not least, the president has the role of c hief executive. He can make an executive order, which has the force of law. During his presidency, Harry S. Truman had to use an executive order in 1948 to integrate armed forces. The president also has the power to fit in pardons. A pardon is a declaration of forgiveness and freedom from punishment.The president has many roles to help hold off our country in order. From commander in chief, economic leader, and chief executive he/she helps everything run as smoothly as possible. The executive branch is by far the most powerful branch of government, because it helps keep our country out of trouble and copasetic.

Development of English Weapons Essay

Back in history, human beings use search by products such as craws, horns and animal teeth as instrument. As human being essential, he started to use axes made of endocarp as a weapon both for personal protection and for hunting. More using and civilization led to the development of weapons such as the wooden clubs, unshaped stones for throwing at the enemies and spears for both hunting and fighting. By then, human beings used to make wooden spears for hunting and for attacking any possible human resistance.With time the fire hardened spear points were replaced with stone sharp ones which were more than effective than they precedents. Further development and civilization saw the development of bows and arrows to hunt and to counter attack an competitor (Davies, 1990, 67). By 400 B. C, phylogenesis of what can be termed as earlier technology had enabled humans to develop a four wheeled b every last(predicate)ista which was drawn by armored horses and more effective while it ca me to making attacks or counter attacking an oppositeness than the primitive weapons previously used.However, ancient weapons to be used by human being in their activities were qualitative improvement of the primitive weapons. In this context, vicissitude in military technology arose as a result of improvement in techniques and materials used in creating prehistoric weapons. As technology began to improve, weapons used in wars also started to improve. For example, with the discovery of the spooked wheel chariots drawn by horses became possible and useful for transporting soldiers to and fro the bout vault of heaven. or so 1300BC, use of spoke wheel chariots had heightened but ceased later in the 4th century BC as humans began breeding horses that supported human freight and as cavalry replaced the military force that was used in fighting from chariots. In western world, the chivalric period was extremely characterized by knights and rudimentary siege artillery with their pur pose inclusive of negating the increased use of castles which proliferated most of Europe and the neighboring East. The knights made use of unhomogeneous weapons such as the stabs, the bow and the sword.First, the knife which came in various designs was used highly by the knights to thrust into the weak sports of an enemys armor, to slit their throats when using stealth or to slash those enemies that came to the battle field un-armored. In essence, the knife could be single edged but many of them were usually duplicate edged and unserrated. Today, knifes continue to be a study weapon used by soldiers both for fighting and other purposes. However, as opposed to knifes in the earlier times, most of knifes used by soldiers today argon serrated. In particular, a knife forms one of the basic equipments for soldiers during any warfare.Secondly, the knights made use of swords which like knifes were designed either single edged or double edged. They also came in different sizes with som e built heavy enough to be carried by only the strong men in the army. They were used in slashing the enemy or even killing them (http//atschool. eduweb. co. uk/sirrob run acrossch. suffolk/Portland%20State%20University%20Greek%20Civilization%20Home%20Page%20v2/DOCS/10/seanh1. htm. The design with which swords were supplied depended on the way in which they were intended to counter and kill the enemy.Some were commodious and others short while others were broad enough to accommodate both hands and could penetrate virtually any type of armor. For example, the bastard was a long or broad sword with normal types of blades but with a heavy pommel or ball at the bottom that was helpful for balancing purposes and as a mace for bashing the head of an enemy. Further, the saber was useful for slashing and employed by cavalry to kill the enemy and in this case could penetrate the armor of an enemy while riding a horse at a high speed.Other weapons commonly used by the knights and the cavalry include the pole arms, spears and lances, axe and other blunt objects such as a hammer and a mace. For one, the mace came as a metal or wood stick nearly twelve inches long and with a leather loop to prohibit it from frying of the wrist while being used. The part used in striking the enemy was usually a sphere with spikes or angled blades designed to inflict injury on the enemy. Spears were simple weapons used for piercing the enemy both at close range or long range.They could postulate metal or wood heads and was useful while aiming at the weaker spots of the armor. It could also penetrate with the shields or mail given its length and sharpness (Boardman, 1998, 45). Further, the handle of the spear was commonly designed to break off once it hit the target to prevent the enemy from throwing it back. Pole arms came in different sizes and designs. They were used in piercing the armor of the enemy besides slicing or chopping through the enemy given its sharp and curved edges.It wa s useful while in a cavalry battle field due to the fact that it could be used in chopping off the feet of a horse rode by an enemy thus temporary incapacitating him. While many of this weapons such as the mace and the hammer did non see the light of modern usage, they still presented a good and viable starting point for the development of more sophisticated weapons used by armies all over the world. In regard to the armor used during the medieval times, leather formed the first form of armor to be worn and used by human beings in the battle field.As weapons developed and with the discovery of metal, leather started to become obsolete and was replaced by plate and mail. These two were worn on various parts of the body to prevent a soldier from being slashed by the enemy in the battle field (http//www. angelfire. com/wy/svenskildbiter/siege. html). As enlightenment hit the world, armors began to be worn together with undergarments and actually to be tailored like suits so that a kni ght could be hit but be on his feet within seconds having sustained no injury.Today, the plates and the mails have been toss away paving way for bullet proof armors and other forms of discovery. For example, the tanks used by armies around the world and in Europe in particular are heavily armored vehicles used for transporting weapons and soldiers to the battle field as well as launching missiles from the safety of highly armored walls. Despite this, the same metals used in designing and producing plates and mails are the ones used in producing todays armored vehicles (U. S. Congress, 1995, 35). The knights developed from the earlier Calvary.On the other hand, siege artillery which were by then been used to breach the walls of the castles led to many revolutionary advances including the use of gun powder and cannon use. It was not until the Renaissance period that the western world and most parts of the rest of the world started to use firearms in warfare. Human powered weapons wer e finally exiting battle handle and being replaced with more powerful mechanically powered weapons. This is commonly referred to as the age of riffles as riffles begun to be commonly used in the battle fields. Firearms were developed in large numbers and cannons to support them.Motor vehicles replaced the use of horses in the battlefield and escalation technology which involves the use of armed aircrafts and armored vehicles developed. Firearms and cannons were designed to be fitted on these vehicles and aircrafts and were useful in attacking using long range missiles as is the case today. This saw the introduction of guns and rockets for use in the battle field. Guns and rockets were more economic than their predecessors by the virtue of their design to store energy in a combustible propellant like gun powder as opposed to springs and weight.They increasingly started to be used in 16th century and with progressive ignition mechanisms remain in use to date. Based on these new deve lopments, new technologies have such as machine guns have risen over the years (http//www. angelfire. com/wy/svenskildbiter/siege. html). Later in the 19th century, fossil fuel powered steam engines replaced flat solid power warship propulsion. In earlier times, bayonets were developed and which were used both as a pole-arm and as a knife but were later discarded with the discovery of rifled artillery which was by then being used in destroying masonry fortress.In essence, this discovery caused a huge revolution in the field of military and continues to affect todays weaponry development and war strategies (Blair, 1997, 56). Further, the era of World War II marked a major revolution in military technology with more sophisticated weapons been developed in line with the emerging technologies. New concepts and designs of weapons were developed in massive numbers and the brisk technology improved to march with the military needs. For example, atomic bomb was developed around this perio d.In essence, the end of World War II saw the institutionalization of weapons development as institutions and countries competed to develop unique weapons and counter weapons. In the western world, this constant development of weapons still continues to date (Collins, 1997, 87). In conclusion, despite the fact that weapons used during the medieval times have changed increasingly as compared to those used in recent times, these weapons formed the basis for developments of today world.The strategies employed during the medieval times were highly parasitical on the kind of weapons in use. For example, the use of anchors to attack the enemy was dependent on the use of bows and arrows. Still, with the discovery of gunpowder, use of cannons became prominent in blasting the walls of castles and in sinking the ships of the enemy. Todays weapons and strategies have their roots in the weapons and strategies employed during the earlier times with technology improvements and discoveries increa sing the effectiveness of weapons being produced.For example, computer maneuver weaponry and nuclear weapons have developed over recent years though the later is useless for small wars.Work CitedBlair Claude. European Armor c1066 to c1700. capital of the United Kingdom Batsford Publishers, 1997, pp. 56 Boardman Andrew. The Medieval Soldier in the Wars of the Roses. London Alan Sutton,1998, pp, 45 Collins McNamee. The Wars of the Bruces Scotland, England and Irelan. , London East Linton, 1997, pp. 87 Davies R. Domination and Conquest The Experience of Ireland, Scotland and Wales. New York Cambridge University Press, 1990, pp.67 Organized Infantry. Retrieved on 2nd January 2009 from http//atschool. eduweb. co. uk/sirrobhitch. suffolk/Portland%20State%20University%20Greek%20Civilization%20Home%20Page%20v2/DOCS/10/seanh1. htm U. S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Improving the prospects for future international peace operations workshop proceedings, Washington DC, US politi cs Printing Office, 1995, pp. 35 Wyley Stephen, Siege Warfare. The Art of Offense and Defense, 1989. Retrieved on 2nd January 2009 from http//www. angelfire. com/wy/svenskildbiter/siege. html

Literature review on contemporary HRD Essay

Critic each(prenominal)y discuss and evaluate current perspectives on the ever-changing role and nature of training and larn in schemes and human resource everywherehaulment. This should include a critical appraisal of key theoretical perspectives on the strategical role of HRD within contemporary faceal contexts indoors this sub armorial bearing, I see illustrated the changing role and nature of training and tuition within context of a encyclopedism government.Training and assumeing in organizations.So what do we mean by training and cultivation within an organisation? One stack is that it is about maturation a learnedness organisation, an organization that is continually expanding its capacity to create its future. For such an organization, it is not enough merely to survive, Survival learning what is more often terminaled alterive learning is cardinal, indeed it is necessary.But for a learning organization, adaptive learning must be joined by generative learni ng, learning that enhances our capacity to create. Senge (199914) Further support for this generative insure is seen in Wick and Westley (1996) who shorten the perspective that a learning organisation should be seen against the backdrop of its culture. Arguing values, beliefs, touch modalitys, artefacts, myths, symbols, metaphors form part of any approach interpreted by a learning organisation. It arguably impossible to clinically define what a learning organisation consists of in a generic form. By creating a learning organisation you create a learning climate, thus hopefully a training and learning culture.Senge takes the slang that, what fundamentally will distinguish learning organizations from traditional authoritarian controlling organizations will be the mastery of certain basic disciplines. That is why the disciplines of the learning organization argon vital. Senge (1999 5). However, it is to be tell that Senge uses the word discipline to mean a set of acts rather than a rigid system of rules, which is often inferred understood in the advanced(a) use of the word. passing game on to comment, To practice a discipline is to be a lifelong learner.You never arrive you spend your life mastering disciplines. Senge (1999 11) Futher confirming the view that, this field of study of management study is far from being a science, but he does present offer a few guiding principles in his best interchange book, The Fifth Discipline, Have realistic goals, challenge your assumptions, commit to a shared vision and that teamworking is good for you. We see here the dualistic approach of both the use up for the organisation and the individual to become intrinsically involved in the concept.Although a popular view, others have felt that organisation learn in on that record substantiate right, almost biologically. Schon for example sees organisations as, repositories of knowledge supreme of their members (Schon, 1983242).There is a wide school of thought that learning organisations develop and are not imposed, as cultures develop and alter their expectations, (an example of which would include the demise of unions and the capitalist ideology of the Thatcher years) so must organisations change that employ within that culture. (Schon, 1983). Further cultural identities in toll of sector, product or organisations must also be taken into account, highlighted by the work of both Argyris (1960) and Hofstede (1994).One mistaken view is that the term a learning organisation is a new concept. It is certainly true that as the human being changes new approaches must be investigated to maintain both personal and organisational survival. However, the idea that organisations have only recently had to deal with changing situations, both operationally and strategically, is all the way absurd. Only the pace and scope of change in the last 50 years has brought the spotlight on organisations managing its human resource in a more effective manner. It r emains a truism that it is not an leaning about magnetic dip and development, after all we have all learnt and development within any organisation we have been in contact with either consciously or subconsciously. The argument must surely be how we identify, focus and deliver that learning in an organisational context to produce value to the individual and wherefore hopefully the organization. A view highlighted by Argyris and Schon (1974)Historically this point is confirmed, We trained hard but it seemed that every time we were beginning to form up in teams we would be reorganised. I was to learn later in life that we tend to decent any new situation by reorganising Caius Petronius, AD 65. However, the key element of a learningorganisation is that it is about muckle and how they learn, develop and ultimately (or hopefully) contribute to the organisation. The link with HRD is at that placefore both binding and key in determining how T&D takes military position in an organisat ion.Yet we still come back to what is a learning organisation. One simple view that will form the basis of my assignment is, A learning organisation can, in plain foothold, be described as an organisation which anticipates changes in its environment by learning on a strategic level deliberately aims at improving its ability for learning and which, in order to learn on a strategic level, makes use of the learning of all employees, therefore this employee learning is enhanced at all hierarchical levels. (Sambrook and Stewart, IDPM Paper 1999). Therefore, it can be argued that the development of a learning organisation the most all important(predicate) factor in the changing role of T&D within organisations.Human Resource Development (HRD)Having settled on a broad view of what a learning organisation is, fitting it within a HRD context can only be achieved if we understand what we mean by HRD. In a learning context, HRD has been described as, Organised learning experiences in a defin ite time period to increase the possibility of improving job performance product. (Nadler and Nadler, 19901.3). However, HRD covers a much wider field, HRD is the integrated use of training and development, career development, and organisation development to improve individual and organisational effectiveness. (McLagan and Suhadolnik, 198910). A further view, HRD is a process of developing and/or unleashing human expertise through organisation development (OD) and personnel training and development (T&D) for the purpose of improving performance. Swanson (1998) confirms this view that HRD is about the relationship of individuals with the organisation in a learning environment.But surely, HRD can be defined more accurately? Presently there is no universal view or agreement on the theory or multiple theories that support HRD as a discipline. On one hand some have called for systems theory to hang as a unifying theory for HRD to access all useful theories as required (Gradous, (1989) and on the other hand many have proposed sets of principles in the forms of comparative lists of added value, products, processes, and expertise (Brethower, 1995).The alterative to having a sound theoretical and disciplinary base for the HRD profession is the present state of rudderless random activity acutely sponsored by a theoretical professional associations and greedy consultants (Micklethwait & Wooldridge, 1996 Swanson, 1997). This view, it is argued, is a short-term sell of perceived success without having a deep understanding of the key components of the concept. For this reason, a discrete and logical set of theories as the foundation of HRD is proposed. It is comprised of psychological theory, economic theory, and systems theory (Passmore, 1997 Swanson, 1995, 1999).Economic theory is recognised as the primary force at the organisational level with the systems theory recognising the importance of direction, politics and purpose that could affect any organisational system. Psychological theory acknowledges human beings as a resource, whilst trying to understand the behavioural patterns that must be taken into account, opening the HRD function up to new ideas and concepts such as NLP and EQ. It is believed by Passmore, Swanson et al. that these three theories, more than any others, make up the modern view of HRD.Development of HRDEarly incarnations of HRD concerned themselves with a personal management function, Personal management function at an administrative level, independent of commercial realities, into a concept that has become central to the strategic and commercial success of the organisation. (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2001 668)However, as organisations adapted to change and new ways of thinking so did its human resource function1964-70 systematic approach to diagnosis of training1968-75 standardization training for job categories by industry. (Such as motor, construction and social work) arrant(a) off-job basic education for skilled occupat ions1970-75 systematic planning of training for all categories of employee1974-80 company contribution to training for young people and long-term unemployed to meet national needs1979-90 business-orientated training directed at improving organizational effectiveness (value added)1988 present personal development with individualized plans for which each employee and their boss take responsibility.Sambrook & Stewart IDPM Paper (1999)The last of these observations highlights a move away from organisational directed learning, as it sees the individual start to take more control of their hold development needs. delinquent to the differences in organisational needs, cultural context organisational structure and resources available, the concept of the individual taking more responsibility for their development is a significant shift away from in the beginning ideas.Additionally, there has been a shift in the last decade from organisations training to meet competence voids, towards a more learning environment that relies on experiential learning and self direction. It is argued, such an approached, does not limit itself to training, but stretched to facilitating and supporting learning processes within the organisation, with the aim to contribute to meaningful organisational learning processes. Sambrook & Stewart IDPM Paper (1999)This clearly has an impact on the concept of HRD and any approach it may take within an organisation. (cf. case study research by Tjepkema & Wognum, 1995). Once again, it can therefore be argued, that a key role of HRD is to create and/or maintain a learning organisational environment as the foundation to any training and learning within an organisation.Yet even with this backdrop, many commentators still take the view that HRD should be subject to tight quantitive justification, that HRD needs to demonstrate that their activities add value to the organisation which is their paymaster. (Walton 1999 1). However, Walton falls short of believing that value is the only issue in developing a learning organisation through a HRD function. Yet there remains a broad body of support that does lean towards this view. Swanson and Arnold (1997) consider that HRD in an organisational context has no meaning unless the connection is made to performance. A point echoed, Welsh 1998 who contends, An employer doesnt teach for the sake of learning What are the rewards? (Welch, 1998). With Mayo adding softness to the argument by involving a learning process to the HRD list of ingredients, there needs to be a systematic method of linking business goals with the learning process. Mayo 2001 82However, there remains a danger that the HRD function, however defined, becomes over indulgent, becoming the end rather than the means to add some value to the sponsoring organisation. Maybe it is this fear, which when added to high-level managerial naivety of modern HRD approaches, which has seen many a HRD organisation become the first casualty of any downsizing.But why has the evolution of HRD been necessary? Quite simply the world of people and the environments in which they work has changed. A decade ago, Peter Drucker anticipated this change when he said in The Age of Discontinuity. Businessmen will have to learn to build and manage ripe organizations. Others continue to see change. Ansoff, a long-time student of business strategy, adds as he envisages organisations reducing its reliance on structure Structure will become a dynamic enabler of both change and unchange, the ultimate model of organised chaos. (Peters and Waterman Jr, 1995 111) Thus asking the question, can HRD stand still in a world of chaos or will is need to develop further new strategies to protect its value to a given organisation? The world is changing and as long as the interpretation and subsequent management of the change is influenced by human organisations the HRD function, however loosely defined, will need to continually adapt if it is to b oth manage and influence organisational direction if it is find a place in this ever changing chaos.Strategic HRDWith a change in the type of work being undertaken in the western economy over the last 50 years, lessdominated by labour-intensive, low-tech industries with semi-skilled operatives, to high-tech industries reliant on highly skilled knowledge workers in relatively short supply, individuals are now seen as the single most significant source of sustainable competitive advantage. Walton (1999 85)The role of HRD has therefore needed to change to provide the level of support required from its parent organisation. The management, retention and developing of this organisational resource, knowledge workers,(Wilson 1999) has taken on greater importance at higher managerial levels. A reflection of this is the fact HRD/HRM in many large organisations plays a much more important role at boardroom level, contributing to the overall organisational strategy.But does a HRD manager sittin g on the Board make HRD strategic? Walton (1999) argues that for HRD to become strategic is needs to be HRD with a holistic, long-term approach, that may or may not develop a strategic awareness of company goals. He defines the term as one, undertaken with full strategic intent, with an understanding how the initiative being undertaken adds to the coherence of the SHRD effort, congruent with an explicit learning philosophy incorporated into the overall organisation missionIn short, for it to be strategic the HRD function needs to be holistic with a function to integrate and develop into the overall strategic management system.A little clarification comes from Burgoyne 1988, strategic approach has to be conscious and reflective unplanned, interpersonal and functional experiences cannot be classified as strategic in organisational terms unless explicitly linked to implementation of corporate policy.However, Burgoyne does takes the view that such an approach should be linked to the har d systems of HRD such as planning, recruitment and selection strategies, feeling that a more objective approach is better implemented and quantified within an organisation. As Harrison (1997) points out, despite the hype that surrounds a number of organisations where the planned development of people has made a notable contribution to the achievement of business goalsresearch has failed to reveal any significant connection between HRD and business strategy crosswise the UK.An example of a SHRD approach was for many organisations the move toward individual responsibility for there own learning, At the beginning of the decade the strategic attention was pore on self-managed learning, continuous personal development, learning organisation and the people messages associated with Total Quality Management (TQM). Walton (1999 85). Nearly 15 years later many organisations are still working at getting this message across to a workforce that has not fully grasped the concept. The debate abou t turning strategy into practice remains an issue that continues to find its way into many Board rooms and commented on by many and varied management writers.However, because SHRD has taken a holistic view, fully integrated into the organisational management strategy, is that all that is needed for HRD to become SHRD. Wilson (1999) argues that HRD will deal with detail whilst modern SHRD should do no more than provide a framework for guidance, a point touched on by Mayo, the task for HQis to determine the frameworks of best practice which will enable diverse and locally owned implementation, and to provide consultant help built round the local need, putting the view that organisations operate better when decentralised and given there own accountability and responsibly. It is clear in this scenario that anything other than a SHRD framework would be difficult to implement. An example of such a framework maybe, a successful learning climate Walton (1999 11)ConclusionOver the last dec ade, the role of HRD has both, found a niche and come under fire in organisations trying to compete in an ever changing political, economic and cultural environment. Add globalisation, demographic changes and the ever changing world of information technology (IT) and not surprisingly, HRD has had to both adapt and exhibit direction in its approach and function in modern organisations. Balancing between both an art and a science it has had to prove its value to organisations in what ironically is the very environment it should be showing its main worth managing the human resource in a world of constant change in compressed markets.The struggle of organisations to produce strategy in Tom Peters world of innovation and creativity, often results in the crisis, tactical, and short term approach taken by many organisations that often goes on to see HRD as the first enemy target of this struggle. The need for definition and justification for a HRD component remains more real today than a t any time if it is not to been see as a luxury component in a volatile world that, arguably under pressure, relies more on economic stability than a humanistic resource development approach that often produces results beyond a strategic planning horizon. However, HRD is not a science, and as such will continue to change, develop and find new roles in the adapting, fast moving world of the modern working environment.

Saggy Pants

Timothy Wilson English 111 September 22, 2012 1100a. m. -1150a. m. SAGGY PANTS Saggy underdrawers are a manner of put oning trousers below the waist, revealing much of the underwear. Most one-year-old manpower sag their pants to evaluate a certain style that has been seen at school or on television. Saggy pants is a detriment to society where it is cultivate in the prison system, it promotes gang activity, and increases theft. Today more(prenominal) young men are walking around in public with saggy pants disrespecting older adults and their community.A lot of grown folks hate the fact that they urinate observe this conspiracy in public. First of all, some young people believe that saggy pants is a freedom of expression, but some fatality it to be under a law. Today lawmakers are pushing for an ordinance that would ban the wearing of saggy pants in public places. During the first decade of the 21st century, many local governments, school systems, transit agencies, and even air lines pass law regulations against practicing of wearing saggy pants.Most federal states have banned the practice of some people that might indigence to show their underwear. In fact, some movies have influence on young men to wear their pants like that because some movies are only talk over to mature adults. Secondly, I believe that some people that does this is related to some gang or group. Most rappers wear their saggy pants are showing young men that it is ok the be cool and to stand turn out. Even though some have belt, but refuse to wear them on and still wear they saggy pants.Belts are to be put on your pants to keep them from being loose or falling on your body. A lot of young men are taught to wear them at school because of the school rules about saggy pants. Most school codes require that you must wear a belt to class or be sent back home. In short, I believe that all kids with sagging clothing is violating school dress codes and in the court system. Thirdly, there is a fear of people associating the way young men dress as crimes being committed for having saggy pants.Today a lot of saggers are being arrested for disorderly calculate in a public environment. Now there is a law saying that if police sees anyone sagging their pants will have to go to jail. Furthermore, it has since set about a symbol of freedom and cultural awareness among some young men and a symbol of their rejection to the values of mainstream society. Most court systems sent out a law regarding the issue. For some people to have saggy pants without wearing a belt will be put into jail. In conclusion, I am against saggy pants because it is disrespectful to older adults and society.I believe that the laws about saggy pants should all be purpose to all cities and states in America. For example, I believe that schools and colleges should show a video and saggy pants to students and the consequences that comes with it. Today a lot of young men are wearing belts to hold their pants together, but still we have those who want to show their saggy pants in public and want to be notice. Too many young people are in jail because of this, but has a brilliant mind to be whatever they want to be all because they want to sag their pants.